"The ColumbiaEstuaryEcosystemRestorationProgram(CEERP)intheU. S. PacificNorthwest providesprogram-
matic processes,experiences,andlessons applicable to the eco-friendly utilizationof the littoral zone inthe Three Gorges Reservoir (TGR)inChina. The CEERPapplies anecosystem-basedapproachto helpmitigate the environmental effects of theFederal ColumbiaRiver Power stembyworkingtounderstand,conserve,andrestoreecosystemsinthelower Columbia
River andestuary (LCRE). Wetlandecosystems inthe LCRE,whichis235kmlong andabout 80%tidal freshwater,have beenalteredsignificantly by agricultural,industrial,hydrosystemoperations,andother practicesthat disrupt foodwebs,re-duce macrodetritus flux,andrestrict rearingandrefugeareasfor juvenilesalmon,amongother consequences. Therestoration programhas five mainobjectives:1)understandthe primary stressors affecting ecosystemcontrolling factors,e. g. ,diking restricting access to andcontributions fromwetlandecosystems;2)conserve andrestore factors controlling ecosystemstruc-tures andprocesses,e. g. ,reconnecting wetlandareas to the mainstem;3) increase the quantity andquality of ecosystem structures,e. g. ,removing invasive plants andrestoring emergent rshes;4)maintainandenhance ecosystemprocesses,e. g. ,revitalizing foodwebs;5)improvetheecosystemfunctionof salmonperformance,e. g. ,increasinglife-historydiver-sity,foraging success,growth,andsurvival. To accomplishthese objectives,the CEERPimplements anadaptive manage-ment process ledby the funding agencies andperformedincollaborationwithregional stakeholders. This paper uses the five phases of the annual CEERPadaptive management cycle—Strategize,Decide,Act,Monitor/ Research,andEvaluate—as the context for presentingkeyresultsfromtheprogram. Thepaper closeswithlessonstoconsider for ecosystem-basedconser-vationandrestorationinthe Three Gorges Reservoir."