To provide reference for the construction of ecological environment protection and ecological security patterns in the Jialing River Basin and related areas, based on surface cover data from three periods of 2000, 2010, and 2020, the spatio-temporal evolution, differentiation characteristics and correlation of ecosystem service value (ESV) and ecological risk index (ERI) in the Jialing River Basin was quantitatively evaluated using methods such as ESV and ERI evaluation models, Geodetector, and bivariate spatial autocorrelation models. The results show that from 2000 to 2020, land use types in Jialing River Basin were mainly forest land and cultivated land, construction land and water area increased rapidly. During the research period, the ESV of the watershed increased by 150%, high and extremely high level ESV areas per unit area were widely distributed within the watershed. The increase in water area was an important reason for the ESV growth; during the research period, the ERI of the watershed gradually decreased, and areas with extremely low and low-level ERI were widely distributed within the watershed. The human impact index and land use are the dominant factors for spatial differentiation of ESV and ERI. There was a significant negative spatial correlation between ESV and ERI, main relationship was high value-low risk, ERI was lower in areas with higher ESV. Promoting the optimization of land use structure, rationally controlling the scale of urban construction, and strengthening the protection of forest land and water area are of far-reaching significance to the improvement of ecological service function and the construction of ecological security pattern of Jialing River Basin.