The mission of Bayu new residence’s construction is to make farmers live in new residences and start a new life to solve the most needed and long-term livelihood problems of farmers. Therefore, starting from the background of the construction of Bayu new residence, to reveal the before and after changes and the main differences in the collectively relocated farmers’ livelihood resilience is helpful to identify the obstacle factors of the farmers’ livelihood resilience, and also has important practical significance for ensuring the stability of the farmers’ long-term livelihood. Taking Yanba Village of Longhua Town, Jiangjin District, Chongqing as a sample area, it constructed a livelihood resilience index system from three dimensions of buffer capacity, self-organization ability, and learning ability, based on the survey data of the collectively relocated farmers from three Bayu new residence in Yanbachang, Bailongchang, and Pengjiashan. The farmers were divided into the following types: planting farmers, breeding farmers, planting and breeding farmers, and non-agricultural farmers according to the proportion of planting and breeding income to the total household income. And then, the level of farmers’ livelihood resilience with different livelihood types before and after relocation was assessed, respectively. In addition, the main factors affecting the difference in farmers’ livelihood resilience with varying livelihoods were identified by the grey relational degree and interpretative structural modeling method. Then it explored the livelihood construction path to improve the farmers’ livelihood resilience. 1) There were differences in livelihood resilience among different farmers. The order from high to low of the farmers’ livelihood resilience level before the relocation was planting farmers (0166), non-agricultural farmers (0161), breeding farmers (0139), and planting and breeding farmers (0106), while the order of the farmers’ livelihood resilience level after relocation was planting and breeding farmers (0376), breeding farmers (0365), planting farmers (0311), non-agricultural farmers (0265), respectively. 2) The livelihood resilience of different farmers was more or less improved after relocation. The degree of livelihood resilience improvement in descending order was as follows: planting and breeding farmers (0270), breeding farmers (0226), planting farmers (0145), and non-agricultural farmers (0104). 3) The livelihood resilience of non-agricultural farmers was affected mainly by non-agricultural factors such as family communication costs and financial savings, while the livelihood resilience of other types of farmers was affected mainly by agricultural factors such as planting, aquaculture output value and per capital dry land area. Concentrated living did effectively improve the resilience of farmers’ livelihood to a certain extent, but the livelihood resilience of farmers with different sources of livelihood varied greatly. Thus, the follow-up focus should be on improving the farmers’ education level and increasing the livelihood diversity to construct the path of farmers’ long-term livelihood security by category.