Scientific support for the protection of the ecological environment, effective management of natural resources, and formulation of relevant socio-economic development strategies in the Fujiang River Basin is provided through the investigation of spatiotemporal changes in net primary productivity (NPP) of vegetation and its response to climate from 2000 to 2020. The analysis utilizes MODIS NPP data, average annual temperature, annual precipitation, and total annual sunshine hours with the centroid method and correlation analysis. Results indicate a spatial pattern of “high in the northwest and low in the southeast” for vegetation NPP in the Fujiang River Basin during the study period. The multi-year average NPP value, measured by the carbon mass of the vegetation, was 56822 g·m-2·a-1, showing a wavelike increasing trend at an average annual rate of 825 g·m-2( R2 =0802 3). The centroid of the basin’s vegetation NPP generally shifted southeastward. Climate influenced NPP changes in 6496% of the basin’s area, with correlations between vegetation NPP and climate factors displaying a mixed spatial pattern of positive and negative correlations. Among the climate factors, precipitation exerted the greatest influence on the basin’s vegetation NPP, followed by temperature and sunshine duration. The temporal variation in vegetation NPP in the Fujiang River Basin from 2000 to 2020 exhibited fluctuations, while the spatial distribution and changes were uneven. Precipitation emerged as the primary climatic factor affecting the spatiotemporal changes in vegetation NPP within the basin. Recommendations include focusing on vegetation restoration, ecological protection, and disaster prevention efforts in the upstream areas, while emphasizing localized meteorological predictions and forecasting in the midstream and downstream areas.