To investigate the effects of short-term exposure of different temperatures on anxiety and fear behavior of male zebrafish ( Danio rerio ), adult zebrafish males were categorized into blank group, control group, low-temperature (L-T) group and high-temperature (H-T) group, with acclimation water temperatures of 27, 27, 20, and 34 ℃, respectively. After continuous treatment for 7 days, novel tank diving test was conducted in each group. After anxiety behavior test, male fish in Control group was stimulated with alarm substances and fear responses were tested. The results of the anxiety behavior test showed that compared to Control group, the onset time to the higher half, duration in the lower half and total duration of freezing of male zebrafish in L-T group were significantly increased. While the onset time to the higher half and total duration of freezing of zebrafish males in H-T group were significantly reduced. In the fear behavior test results, alarm substances can significantly increase the onset time to the higher half, duration in the lower half and total duration of freezing of zebrafish in the control group. Compared with the control group, L-T group significantly increased the onset time to the higher half, duration in the lower half and total duration of freezing of zebrafish males, wihle H-T group significantly reduced the onset time to the higher half and duration in the lower half of zebrafish males. Results suggests that low-temperature exposure and high-temperature exposure significantly enhanced and decreased the anxiety and fear responses in male zebrafish, respectively.