To investigate the spatiotemporal evolution characteristics of the urban resilience pattern and the influencing and hindering factors in the Chengdu-Chongqing Urban Agglomeration (CCUA), Chongqing and 15 prefecture level cities in Sichuan Province within the urban agglomeration were taken as research objects and the utilizes data from 2010 to 2019 were selected. An adaptive cycle is used to construct a comprehensive urban resilience assessment system, and the entropy weight-TOPSIS method is employed for measurement. Spatial-temporal evolution, influencing factors, and hindering factors are analyzed using ArcGIS, geographic detector models, and hindrance degree models. The urban resilience of the CCUA exhibits long-term fluctuations during the study period, with synchronous changes in the dual-core cities and sustained low-level fluctuations with an upward trend in secondary cities. The spatial evolution of the urban resilience pattern exhibits significant spatial heterogeneity and weak spatial correlation. The “dual-core” polarization is prominent, while the central and southwestern regions are depressed. Evolutionary types are mainly characterized by an ascending and stable pattern. The dominant influencing factors for urban resilience in the CCUA are economic development, social security, ecology and resources, and population development. The main hindering factors include financial investment, technological innovation level, labor conditions, social governance capacity, and information dissemination capacity. In the future, the CCUA can focus on dominant influencing and hindering factors to enhance overall urban resilience, with the aim of achieving safety and sustainable development.