The high-temperature exposure of Chongqing Municipality under warming scenarios such as SSP2-4.5 and SSP5-8.5, and different land-use development scenarios such as inertial development priority, economic development priority, and sustainable development priority, provides decision-making support for local urban planning and disaster risk management. Based on the land use data of Chongqing Municipality in 2020, the PLUS model was applied to predict the land use status of Chongqing Municipality in 2030, and a comprehensive exposure model was constructed by combining the future population of Chongqing Municipality and the daily maximum temperature data. The results show that: 1) Under the SSP2-4.5 scenario, the southern parts of the main urban area of Chongqing and the urban agglomeration in the Three Gorges Reservoir area in northeast Chongqing show higher high-temperature disaster risk in 2030; whereas the areas with different degrees of high-temperature hazard under the SSP5-8.5 scenario show a banded distribution from west to east, with the corresponding high-temperature hazard index decreasing and then increasing, with the distribution of the areas of high-temperature hazard similar to that under the SSP2-4.5 scenario, and the distribution of the areas of high-temperature hazard under the SSP2-4.5 scenario is similar to that under the SSP2-4.5 scenario, and the distribution of the areas of high-temperature hazard is similar to that under the SSP2-4.5 scenario. 2) Under both warming scenarios, the exposure indices for arable land and forested areas in Chongqing by 2030 surpass those for shrublands, grasslands, aquatic zones, barren lands, and urbanized areas. 3) The spatial distribution of population exposure in Chongqing by 2030 demonstrates consistency across both warming scenarios. 4) Regions with heightened comprehensive exposure in Chongqing by 2030 are predominantly concentrated in densely populated, economically advanced areas, as well as regions predominantly covered by forested land. These insights provide valuable references for formulating strategic land use plans for Chongqing’s future urban expansion and devising sustainable protective measures in regions prone to high-temperature disasters.